w3ctech

ES6 特性

本文转载自:众成翻译 译者:萧暮 链接:http://www.zcfy.cc/article/2596 原文:https://codetower.github.io/es6-features/

箭头函数(Arrow Functions)

function() 的简写符号,但不会绑定 this

no-eval
var odds = evens.map(v => v + 1);  // 没有小括号和花括号
var nums = evens.map((v, i) => v + i);
var pairs = evens.map(v => ({even: v, odd: v + 1}));

// 定义函数体
nums.forEach(v => {
  if (v % 5 === 0)
    fives.push(v);
});

this 怎么用呢?

var object = {
    name: "Name",
    arrowGetName: () => this.name,
    regularGetName: function() { return this.name },
    arrowGetThis: () => this,
    regularGetThis: function() { return this }
}

console.log(this.name)
console.log(object.arrowGetName());
console.log(object.arrowGetThis());
console.log(this)
console.log(object.regularGetName());
console.log(object.regularGetThis());

类(Classes)

在其他真正实现类的语言中,我们都知道这个概念。这里不过是原型继承之上的语法糖而已。

no-eval
class SkinnedMesh extends THREE.Mesh {
  constructor(geometry, materials) {
    super(geometry, materials);

    this.idMatrix = SkinnedMesh.defaultMatrix();
    this.bones = [];
    this.boneMatrices = [];
    //...
  }
  update(camera) {
    //...
    super.update();
  }
  get boneCount() {
    return this.bones.length;
  }
  set matrixType(matrixType) {
    this.idMatrix = SkinnedMesh[matrixType]();
  }
  static defaultMatrix() {
    return new THREE.Matrix4();
  }
}

Lebab.io

增强的对象字面量(Enhanced Object Literals)

var theProtoObj = {
  toString: function() {
    return "The ProtoOBject To string"
  }
}

var handler = () => "handler"

var obj = {
    // __proto__
    __proto__: theProtoObj,

    // 'handler: handler' 的简写
    handler,

    // 方法
    toString() {

     // 上层调用
     return "d " + super.toString();
    },

    // 动态计算属性名
    [ "prop_" + (() => 42)() ]: 42
};

console.log(obj.handler)
console.log(obj.handler())
console.log(obj.toString())
console.log(obj.prop_42)

字符串插值(String interpolation)

很好的字符串插值语法。

var name = "Bob", time = "today";

var multiLine = `This

Line

Spans Multiple

Lines`

console.log(`Hello ${name},how are you ${time}?`)
console.log(multiLine)

解构赋值(Destructuring)

// 列表 "匹配"
var [a, , b] = [1,2,3];
console.log(a)
console.log(b)

对象也能被解构赋值。

nodes = () => { return {op: "a", lhs: "b", rhs: "c"}}
var { op: a, lhs: b , rhs: c } = nodes()
console.log(a)
console.log(b)
console.log(c)

使用简写法。

nodes = () => { return {lhs: "a", op: "b", rhs: "c"}}

// 绑定 `op`, `lhs` and `rhs` 到作用域
var {op, lhs, rhs} = nodes()

console.log(op)
console.log(lhs)
console.log(rhs)

还可以用在函数参数上。

function g({name: x}) {
  return x
}

function m({name}) {
  return name
}

console.log(g({name: 5}))
console.log(m({name: 5}))

失效弱化的解构赋值。

var [a] = []
var [b = 1] = []
var c = [];
console.log(a)
console.log(b);
console.log(c);

默认的函数参数值(Default)

function f(x, y=12) {
  return x + y;
}

console.log(f(3))

展开(Spread)

在函数中:

function f(x, y, z) {
  return x + y + z;
}
// 将数组每个元素作为参数传入
console.log(f(...[1,2,3]))

在数组中:

var parts = ["shoulders", "knees"];
var lyrics = ["head", ...parts, "and", "toes"]; 

console.log(lyrics)

展开 + 对象字面量

可以用展开(Spread)在创建对象时做些很酷的事。

no-eval
let { x, y, ...z } = { x: 1, y: 2, a: 3, b: 4 };
console.log(x); // 1
console.log(y); // 2
console.log(z); // { a: 3, b: 4 }

// 展开属性
let n = { x, y, ...z };
console.log(n); // { x: 1, y: 2, a: 3, b: 4 }
console.log(obj)

不幸的是这还没被原生支持:

npm install --save-dev babel-plugin-transform-object-rest-spread

Rest

可以用 rest 操作符给函数传入无数个参数。

function demo(part1, ...part2) {
  return {part1, part2}
}

console.log(demo(1,2,3,4,5,6))

Let

Let 是新的 var。它有“正常”的绑定。

{
   var globalVar = "from demo1"
}

{
   let globalLet = "from demo2";
}

console.log(globalVar)
console.log(globalLet)

无论如何,它不会给 window 添加任何东西:

let me = "go";  // 全局作用域
var i = "able"; // 全局作用域

console.log(window.me);
console.log(window.i);

通过 let 可以重复声明一个变量:

let me = "foo";
let me = "bar";
console.log(me);
var me = "foo";
var me = "bar";
console.log(me)

常量(Const)

Const 声明的是只读变量。

const a = "b"
a = "a"

const 定义的对象,其属性依然是可修改的。

const a = { a: "a" }
a.a = "b"
console.log(a)

For..of

新型迭代器,与 for..in 是等价的。其中返回值而不是返回 keys

let list = [4, 5, 6];

console.log(list)

for (let i in list) {
   console.log(i);
}
let list = [4, 5, 6];

console.log(list)

for (let i of list) {
   console.log(i);
}

迭代器(Iterators)

这个迭代器比数组更加灵活。

let infinite = {
  [Symbol.iterator]() {
    let c = 0;
    return {
      next() {
        c++;
        return { done: false, value: c }
      }
    }
  }
}

console.log("start");

for (var n of infinite) {
  // 截取序列到 1000
  if (n > 10)
    break;
  console.log(n);
}

通过 Typescript 接口我们可以看到:

no-eval
interface IteratorResult {
  done: boolean;
  value: any;
}
interface Iterator {
  next(): IteratorResult;
}
interface Iterable {
  [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator
}

生成器(Generators)

生成器用来创建迭代器,比迭代器更为灵活。它们不必以相同的方式跟踪状态,且没有 done 的概念。

var infinity = {
  [Symbol.iterator]: function*() {
    var c = 1;
    for (;;) {
      yield c++;
    }
  }
}

console.log("start")
for (var n of infinity) {
  // 截取序列到 1000
  if (n > 10)
    break;
  console.log(n);
}

再通过 Typescript 看它的接口。

no-eval
interface Generator extends Iterator {
    next(value?: any): IteratorResult;
    throw(exception: any);
}

function* Iterators and generator

一个 yield* 的例子:

function* anotherGenerator(i) {
  yield i + 1;
  yield i + 2;
  yield i + 3;
}

function* generator(i) {
  yield i;
  yield* anotherGenerator(i);
  yield i + 10;
}

var gen = generator(10);

console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);

Unicode

ES6 为 Unicode 提供了更好的支持。

var regex = new RegExp('\u{61}', 'u');

console.log(regex.unicode)
console.log("\uD842\uDFD7")
console.log("\uD842\uDFD7".codePointAt())

模块 & 模块加载器

原生支持模块。

no-eval
import defaultMember from "module-name";
import * as name from "module-name";
import { member } from "module-name";
import { member as alias } from "module-name";
import { member1 , member2 } from "module-name";
import { member1 , member2 as alias2 , [...] } from "module-name";
import defaultMember, { member [ , [...] ] } from "module-name";
import defaultMember, * as name from "module-name";
import "module-name";
no-eval
export { name1, name2, …, nameN };
export { variable1 as name1, variable2 as name2, …, nameN };
export let name1, name2, …, nameN; // 也可以用 var
export let name1 = …, name2 = …, …, nameN; // 也可以用 var, const

export expression;
export default expression;
export default function (…) { … } // 也可以是 class, function*
export default function name1(…) { … } // 也可以是 class, function*
export { name1 as default, … };

export * from …;
export { name1, name2, …, nameN } from …;
export { import1 as name1, import2 as name2, …, nameN } from …;

Import Export

集合(Set)

集合对应数学上的概念,即所有元素都是唯一的。对于了解 SQL 的读者,这就相当于 distinct 关键字。

var set = new Set();
set.add("Potato").add("Tomato").add("Tomato");
console.log(set.size)
console.log(set.has("Tomato"))

for(var item of set) {
   console.log(item)
}

Set

弱集合(WeakSet)

WeakSet 对象可以让你在一个收集器中存储弱引用的对象。当对象没有被引用时将被垃圾回收处理。

var item = { a:"Potato"}
var set = new WeakSet();
set.add({ a:"Potato"}).add(item).add({ a:"Tomato"}).add({ a:"Tomato"});
console.log(set.size)
console.log(set.has({a:"Tomato"}))
console.log(set.has(item))

for(let item of set) {
   console.log(item)
}

WeakSet

Map

Maps,也称为字典。

var map = new Map();
map.set("Potato", 12);
map.set("Tomato", 34);

console.log(map.get("Potato"))

for(let item of map) {
   console.log(item)
}

for(let item in map) {
   console.log(item)
}

除了字符串意外的其他类型也可以使用。

var map = new Map();
var key = {a: "a"}
map.set(key, 12);

console.log(map.get(key))
console.log(map.get({a: "a"}))

Map

WeakMap

用对象作为键,且只保存有弱引用的键。

var wm = new WeakMap();

var o1  = {}
var o2  = {}
var o3  = {}

wm.set(o1, 1);
wm.set(o2, 2);
wm.set(o3, {a: "a"});
wm.set({}, 4);

console.log(wm.get(o2));
console.log(wm.has({}))

delete o2;

console.log(wm.get(o3));

for(let item in wm) {
   console.log(item)
}

for(let item of wm) {
   console.log(item)
}

WeakMap

代理(Proxies)

代理可以用来改变对象的行为。它允许我们定义陷阱。

var obj = function ProfanityGenerator() {
    return {
       words: "Horrible words"
    }
}()

var handler = function CensoringHandler() {
        return {
        get: function (target, key) {
            return target[key].replace("Horrible", "Nice");
        },
    }

}()

var proxy = new Proxy(obj, handler);

console.log(proxy.words);

下面的陷阱都是可用的:

no-eval
var handler =
{
  get:...,
  set:...,
  has:...,
  deleteProperty:...,
  apply:...,
  construct:...,
  getOwnPropertyDescriptor:...,
  defineProperty:...,
  getPrototypeOf:...,
  setPrototypeOf:...,
  enumerate:...,
  ownKeys:...,
  preventExtensions:...,
  isExtensible:...
}

Proxies

符号(Symbols)

符号是一种新类型。可以用来创建匿名属性。

var typeSymbol = Symbol("type");

class Pet {

  constructor(type) {

    this[typeSymbol] = type;

  }
  getType() {
     return this[typeSymbol];
  }

}

var a = new Pet("dog");
console.log(a.getType());
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(a))

console.log(Symbol("a") === Symbol("a"))

More info

可继承的内建对象(Inheritable Built-ins)

现在我们可以继承自原生类了。

class CustomArray extends Array {

}

var a = new CustomArray();

a[0] = 2
console.log(a[0])

如果不用数组的代理,就不可能覆盖 getter 函数。

新的库(New Library)

各种新的方法和常量。

console.log(Number.EPSILON)
console.log(Number.isInteger(Infinity))
console.log(Number.isNaN("NaN"))

console.log(Math.acosh(3))
console.log(Math.hypot(3, 4))
console.log(Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2))

console.log("abcde".includes("cd") )
console.log("abc".repeat(3) )

console.log(Array.of(1, 2, 3) )
console.log([0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) )
console.log([1, 2, 3].find(x => x == 3) )
console.log([1, 2, 3].findIndex(x => x == 2)) 
console.log([1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 0)) 
console.log(["a", "b", "c"].entries() )
console.log(["a", "b", "c"].keys() )
console.log(["a", "b", "c"].values() )

console.log(Object.assign({}, { origin: new Point(0,0) }))

文档: Number, Math, Array.from, Array.of, Array.prototype.copyWithin, Object.assign

二进制和八进制

二进制和八进制编码的字面量。

console.log(0b11111)
console.log(0o2342)

console.log(0xff); // es5 同样支持

Promises

异步编程的好东西。

var p1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => resolve("1"), 101)
})
var p2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => resolve("2"), 100)
})

Promise.race([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
   console.log(res)
})

Promise.all([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
   console.log(res)
})

快速 Promise(Quick Promise)

想快速 resolved promise 吗?

var p1 = Promise.resolve("1")
var p2 = Promise.reject("2")

Promise.race([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
   console.log(res)
})

快速失败(Fail fast)

如果一个 promise 失败,allrace 同样都会 reject。

var p1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => resolve("1"), 1001)
})
var p2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => reject("2"), 1)
})

Promise.race([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
   console.log("success" + res)
}, res => {
   console.log("error " + res)
})

Promise.all([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
   console.log("success" + res)
}, res => {
   console.log("error " + res)
})

More Info

反射(Reflect)

新型元编程,新的 API,现有的方法和一些新的方法。

var z = {w: "Super Hello"}
var y = {x: "hello", __proto__: z};

console.log(Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(y, "x"));
console.log(Reflect.has(y, "w"));
console.log(Reflect.ownKeys(y, "w"));

console.log(Reflect.has(y, "x"));
console.log(Reflect.deleteProperty(y,"x"))
console.log(Reflect.has(y, "x"));

More Info

尾调用优化(Tail Call Optimization)

ES6 应该了修复尾调用,不会造成堆栈溢出。(并不是所有的实现工作)

function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
    if (n <= 1) return acc;
    return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
console.log(factorial(10))
console.log(factorial(100))
console.log(factorial(1000))
console.log(factorial(10000))
console.log(factorial(100000))
console.log(factorial(1000000))
w3ctech微信

扫码关注w3ctech微信公众号

共收到0条回复