本文转载自:众成翻译 译者:萧暮 链接:http://www.zcfy.cc/article/2596 原文:https://codetower.github.io/es6-features/
function()
的简写符号,但不会绑定 this
。
no-eval
var odds = evens.map(v => v + 1); // 没有小括号和花括号
var nums = evens.map((v, i) => v + i);
var pairs = evens.map(v => ({even: v, odd: v + 1}));
// 定义函数体
nums.forEach(v => {
if (v % 5 === 0)
fives.push(v);
});
this
怎么用呢?
var object = {
name: "Name",
arrowGetName: () => this.name,
regularGetName: function() { return this.name },
arrowGetThis: () => this,
regularGetThis: function() { return this }
}
console.log(this.name)
console.log(object.arrowGetName());
console.log(object.arrowGetThis());
console.log(this)
console.log(object.regularGetName());
console.log(object.regularGetThis());
在其他真正实现类的语言中,我们都知道这个概念。这里不过是原型继承之上的语法糖而已。
no-eval
class SkinnedMesh extends THREE.Mesh {
constructor(geometry, materials) {
super(geometry, materials);
this.idMatrix = SkinnedMesh.defaultMatrix();
this.bones = [];
this.boneMatrices = [];
//...
}
update(camera) {
//...
super.update();
}
get boneCount() {
return this.bones.length;
}
set matrixType(matrixType) {
this.idMatrix = SkinnedMesh[matrixType]();
}
static defaultMatrix() {
return new THREE.Matrix4();
}
}
var theProtoObj = {
toString: function() {
return "The ProtoOBject To string"
}
}
var handler = () => "handler"
var obj = {
// __proto__
__proto__: theProtoObj,
// 'handler: handler' 的简写
handler,
// 方法
toString() {
// 上层调用
return "d " + super.toString();
},
// 动态计算属性名
[ "prop_" + (() => 42)() ]: 42
};
console.log(obj.handler)
console.log(obj.handler())
console.log(obj.toString())
console.log(obj.prop_42)
很好的字符串插值语法。
var name = "Bob", time = "today";
var multiLine = `This
Line
Spans Multiple
Lines`
console.log(`Hello ${name},how are you ${time}?`)
console.log(multiLine)
// 列表 "匹配"
var [a, , b] = [1,2,3];
console.log(a)
console.log(b)
对象也能被解构赋值。
nodes = () => { return {op: "a", lhs: "b", rhs: "c"}}
var { op: a, lhs: b , rhs: c } = nodes()
console.log(a)
console.log(b)
console.log(c)
使用简写法。
nodes = () => { return {lhs: "a", op: "b", rhs: "c"}}
// 绑定 `op`, `lhs` and `rhs` 到作用域
var {op, lhs, rhs} = nodes()
console.log(op)
console.log(lhs)
console.log(rhs)
还可以用在函数参数上。
function g({name: x}) {
return x
}
function m({name}) {
return name
}
console.log(g({name: 5}))
console.log(m({name: 5}))
失效弱化的解构赋值。
var [a] = []
var [b = 1] = []
var c = [];
console.log(a)
console.log(b);
console.log(c);
function f(x, y=12) {
return x + y;
}
console.log(f(3))
在函数中:
function f(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}
// 将数组每个元素作为参数传入
console.log(f(...[1,2,3]))
在数组中:
var parts = ["shoulders", "knees"];
var lyrics = ["head", ...parts, "and", "toes"];
console.log(lyrics)
可以用展开(Spread)在创建对象时做些很酷的事。
no-eval
let { x, y, ...z } = { x: 1, y: 2, a: 3, b: 4 };
console.log(x); // 1
console.log(y); // 2
console.log(z); // { a: 3, b: 4 }
// 展开属性
let n = { x, y, ...z };
console.log(n); // { x: 1, y: 2, a: 3, b: 4 }
console.log(obj)
不幸的是这还没被原生支持:
npm install --save-dev babel-plugin-transform-object-rest-spread
可以用 rest 操作符给函数传入无数个参数。
function demo(part1, ...part2) {
return {part1, part2}
}
console.log(demo(1,2,3,4,5,6))
Let
是新的 var
。它有“正常”的绑定。
{
var globalVar = "from demo1"
}
{
let globalLet = "from demo2";
}
console.log(globalVar)
console.log(globalLet)
无论如何,它不会给 window
添加任何东西:
let me = "go"; // 全局作用域
var i = "able"; // 全局作用域
console.log(window.me);
console.log(window.i);
通过 let
可以重复声明一个变量:
let me = "foo";
let me = "bar";
console.log(me);
var me = "foo";
var me = "bar";
console.log(me)
Const
声明的是只读变量。
const a = "b"
a = "a"
用 const
定义的对象,其属性依然是可修改的。
const a = { a: "a" }
a.a = "b"
console.log(a)
新型迭代器,与 for..in
是等价的。其中返回值而不是返回 keys
。
let list = [4, 5, 6];
console.log(list)
for (let i in list) {
console.log(i);
}
let list = [4, 5, 6];
console.log(list)
for (let i of list) {
console.log(i);
}
这个迭代器比数组更加灵活。
let infinite = {
[Symbol.iterator]() {
let c = 0;
return {
next() {
c++;
return { done: false, value: c }
}
}
}
}
console.log("start");
for (var n of infinite) {
// 截取序列到 1000
if (n > 10)
break;
console.log(n);
}
通过 Typescript 接口我们可以看到:
no-eval
interface IteratorResult {
done: boolean;
value: any;
}
interface Iterator {
next(): IteratorResult;
}
interface Iterable {
[Symbol.iterator](): Iterator
}
生成器用来创建迭代器,比迭代器更为灵活。它们不必以相同的方式跟踪状态,且没有 done
的概念。
var infinity = {
[Symbol.iterator]: function*() {
var c = 1;
for (;;) {
yield c++;
}
}
}
console.log("start")
for (var n of infinity) {
// 截取序列到 1000
if (n > 10)
break;
console.log(n);
}
再通过 Typescript 看它的接口。
no-eval
interface Generator extends Iterator {
next(value?: any): IteratorResult;
throw(exception: any);
}
function* Iterators and generator
一个 yield* 的例子:
function* anotherGenerator(i) {
yield i + 1;
yield i + 2;
yield i + 3;
}
function* generator(i) {
yield i;
yield* anotherGenerator(i);
yield i + 10;
}
var gen = generator(10);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
console.log(gen.next().value);
ES6 为 Unicode 提供了更好的支持。
var regex = new RegExp('\u{61}', 'u');
console.log(regex.unicode)
console.log("\uD842\uDFD7")
console.log("\uD842\uDFD7".codePointAt())
原生支持模块。
no-eval
import defaultMember from "module-name";
import * as name from "module-name";
import { member } from "module-name";
import { member as alias } from "module-name";
import { member1 , member2 } from "module-name";
import { member1 , member2 as alias2 , [...] } from "module-name";
import defaultMember, { member [ , [...] ] } from "module-name";
import defaultMember, * as name from "module-name";
import "module-name";
no-eval
export { name1, name2, …, nameN };
export { variable1 as name1, variable2 as name2, …, nameN };
export let name1, name2, …, nameN; // 也可以用 var
export let name1 = …, name2 = …, …, nameN; // 也可以用 var, const
export expression;
export default expression;
export default function (…) { … } // 也可以是 class, function*
export default function name1(…) { … } // 也可以是 class, function*
export { name1 as default, … };
export * from …;
export { name1, name2, …, nameN } from …;
export { import1 as name1, import2 as name2, …, nameN } from …;
集合对应数学上的概念,即所有元素都是唯一的。对于了解 SQL
的读者,这就相当于 distinct
关键字。
var set = new Set();
set.add("Potato").add("Tomato").add("Tomato");
console.log(set.size)
console.log(set.has("Tomato"))
for(var item of set) {
console.log(item)
}
WeakSet
对象可以让你在一个收集器中存储弱引用的对象。当对象没有被引用时将被垃圾回收处理。
var item = { a:"Potato"}
var set = new WeakSet();
set.add({ a:"Potato"}).add(item).add({ a:"Tomato"}).add({ a:"Tomato"});
console.log(set.size)
console.log(set.has({a:"Tomato"}))
console.log(set.has(item))
for(let item of set) {
console.log(item)
}
Maps,也称为字典。
var map = new Map();
map.set("Potato", 12);
map.set("Tomato", 34);
console.log(map.get("Potato"))
for(let item of map) {
console.log(item)
}
for(let item in map) {
console.log(item)
}
除了字符串意外的其他类型也可以使用。
var map = new Map();
var key = {a: "a"}
map.set(key, 12);
console.log(map.get(key))
console.log(map.get({a: "a"}))
用对象作为键,且只保存有弱引用的键。
var wm = new WeakMap();
var o1 = {}
var o2 = {}
var o3 = {}
wm.set(o1, 1);
wm.set(o2, 2);
wm.set(o3, {a: "a"});
wm.set({}, 4);
console.log(wm.get(o2));
console.log(wm.has({}))
delete o2;
console.log(wm.get(o3));
for(let item in wm) {
console.log(item)
}
for(let item of wm) {
console.log(item)
}
代理可以用来改变对象的行为。它允许我们定义陷阱。
var obj = function ProfanityGenerator() {
return {
words: "Horrible words"
}
}()
var handler = function CensoringHandler() {
return {
get: function (target, key) {
return target[key].replace("Horrible", "Nice");
},
}
}()
var proxy = new Proxy(obj, handler);
console.log(proxy.words);
下面的陷阱都是可用的:
no-eval
var handler =
{
get:...,
set:...,
has:...,
deleteProperty:...,
apply:...,
construct:...,
getOwnPropertyDescriptor:...,
defineProperty:...,
getPrototypeOf:...,
setPrototypeOf:...,
enumerate:...,
ownKeys:...,
preventExtensions:...,
isExtensible:...
}
符号是一种新类型。可以用来创建匿名属性。
var typeSymbol = Symbol("type");
class Pet {
constructor(type) {
this[typeSymbol] = type;
}
getType() {
return this[typeSymbol];
}
}
var a = new Pet("dog");
console.log(a.getType());
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(a))
console.log(Symbol("a") === Symbol("a"))
现在我们可以继承自原生类了。
class CustomArray extends Array {
}
var a = new CustomArray();
a[0] = 2
console.log(a[0])
如果不用数组的代理,就不可能覆盖 getter 函数。
各种新的方法和常量。
console.log(Number.EPSILON)
console.log(Number.isInteger(Infinity))
console.log(Number.isNaN("NaN"))
console.log(Math.acosh(3))
console.log(Math.hypot(3, 4))
console.log(Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2))
console.log("abcde".includes("cd") )
console.log("abc".repeat(3) )
console.log(Array.of(1, 2, 3) )
console.log([0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) )
console.log([1, 2, 3].find(x => x == 3) )
console.log([1, 2, 3].findIndex(x => x == 2))
console.log([1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 0))
console.log(["a", "b", "c"].entries() )
console.log(["a", "b", "c"].keys() )
console.log(["a", "b", "c"].values() )
console.log(Object.assign({}, { origin: new Point(0,0) }))
文档: Number, Math, Array.from, Array.of, Array.prototype.copyWithin, Object.assign
二进制和八进制编码的字面量。
console.log(0b11111)
console.log(0o2342)
console.log(0xff); // es5 同样支持
异步编程的好东西。
var p1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve("1"), 101)
})
var p2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve("2"), 100)
})
Promise.race([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
console.log(res)
})
Promise.all([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
console.log(res)
})
想快速 resolved promise 吗?
var p1 = Promise.resolve("1")
var p2 = Promise.reject("2")
Promise.race([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
console.log(res)
})
如果一个 promise 失败,all
和 race
同样都会 reject。
var p1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve("1"), 1001)
})
var p2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => reject("2"), 1)
})
Promise.race([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
console.log("success" + res)
}, res => {
console.log("error " + res)
})
Promise.all([p1, p2]).then((res) => {
console.log("success" + res)
}, res => {
console.log("error " + res)
})
新型元编程,新的 API,现有的方法和一些新的方法。
var z = {w: "Super Hello"}
var y = {x: "hello", __proto__: z};
console.log(Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(y, "x"));
console.log(Reflect.has(y, "w"));
console.log(Reflect.ownKeys(y, "w"));
console.log(Reflect.has(y, "x"));
console.log(Reflect.deleteProperty(y,"x"))
console.log(Reflect.has(y, "x"));
ES6 应该了修复尾调用,不会造成堆栈溢出。(并不是所有的实现工作)
function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
if (n <= 1) return acc;
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
console.log(factorial(10))
console.log(factorial(100))
console.log(factorial(1000))
console.log(factorial(10000))
console.log(factorial(100000))
console.log(factorial(1000000))
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